My research has focused on philosophical issues in criminal law, including the philosophy of punishment (Trials and Punishments, 1986; Punishment, Communication and Community, 2001), the scope and structure of criminal law (Intention, Agency and Criminal Liability, 1990; Criminal Attempts, 1996; Answering for Crime, 2007), and the criminal process (The Trial on Trial, 2007). The main focus of my current research is on a four-year AHRC-funded project on Criminalization, which I am running with Lindsay Farmer (Glasgow), Victor Tadros (Warwick), Sandra Marshall (Stirling) and Massimo Renzo (Stirling). Our aim is to work towards a normative theory of the proper scope, structure and content of the criminal law. The project is focused round three pairs of workshops and a major conference, which will produce four volumes of papers, and three monographs-all to be published by Oxford University Press.

With Stuart Green (Rutgers) I am editing a volume of original papers, Philosophical Foundations of Criminal Law, to be published by Oxford University Press in 2011. With Michael Tonry (Minnesota) I am editing a new book series for OUP on Penal Theory and Philosophy. I also continue to work on issues concerning punishment, especially the relationships between ideas of retribution and ideas of restoration; and have begun to work on topics in international criminal law.